Title: The influence of Ukraine on the relations between Europe and Russia
Author: Zahra Javidan, Mohammad Bagher Makramipour, Akbar Yavari and Sajjad Soltani Rezaei Sir
creator: International Relations Institute
Date of publication: 1/1402
Broadcast Center Phone: 09125645463
Price: 180 thousand tomans
cut off: minister
Number of pages: 153
International Relations Think Tank: For a basic introduction to the history of Ukraine, we can start from here that Ukraine is one of the Eastern European countries. This country is from the east with Russia; from the north with Belarus; from the west with Poland, Slovakia and Hungary; It borders Romania and Moldova from the southeast, and the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov are located in the south, and its capital is the city of Kiev, and its official language is Ukrainian, and Russian is also widely used.
The type of government of Ukraine is a republic, which consists of 24 provinces and has an autonomous part (Crimea).
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Ukraine has the largest army in Europe after Russia. The official religion of this country is Christianity. Also, in the history of Ukraine, we can refer to the political system of Ukraine, it is a combined semi-parliamentary, semi-presidential republic in which the legislature, executive and judiciary are independent and the president is elected in a general election for 5 years as the head of government. is selected After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Ukraine had 780,000 troops on its soil and the third largest arsenal of nuclear weapons in the world. In May 1992, while Ukraine had agreed to hand over its nuclear weapons to Russia for burial, it signed the Arms Reduction Treaty to join the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty as a non-nuclear weapon state. The geography of this country is nearly 603,700 km with 2,782 km of coastline, making it the 44th largest country in the world and the second largest country in Europe. This country consists of flat lands and fertile plains (or steppes), through which rivers such as the Dnieper, Sursky Donets, Dniester and Southern Bog pass and lead to the Black Sea and the Small Sea of Azov, and in the southwest of Ukraine, the Danube Delta borders this The country is located with Romania. The only mountains in this country are part of the Carpathian Mountains, the highest point of which in Ukraine is Mount Horla, which is 2,061 meters high, and in the Crimean Peninsula, the Crimean Mountains extend to the southern coast of Crimea. Ukraine has a temperate continental climate, although the southern coast of Crimea has Mediterranean climate conditions. Rainfall is different in different parts of Ukraine, so that the highest amount of precipitation occurs in the north and west of this country and the lowest amount of precipitation is in the east and southeast. During the Soviet era, the economy of Ukraine was the second largest economy of the Soviet Union and an industrial and It was considered an important crop. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the economic system of this country changed to a market economy, which was very difficult for the majority of the society who were in poverty. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Ukraine’s economy was severely restricted and daily life was very difficult for an ordinary person living in Ukraine. A significant number of villagers lived by the food they grew, some had two or more jobs and obtained their basic needs by exchanging goods for goods. Considering the history of Ukraine and the fact that most of the industrial areas are located in the east and southeast of Ukraine, the population density is higher in these areas, also 67.2% of the population of Ukraine lives in urban areas. According to the 2001 census of Ukraine, 77.8% of the population of Ukraine is Ukrainian, and the rest are Russians (17.3%), Belarusians (0.6%), Moldovans, Crimean Tatars (0.5%), Bulgarians (0.5%). .4%), Hungarian (0.3%), Romanian (0.3%), Polish (0.3%), Jews (0.2%), Armenians (0.2%), Greeks (0.2 %) and Tatars (0.2%). Looking at the history of Ukraine, until 988 A.D., the residents of the current Ukraine were idolaters like many people in Europe, but with the adoption of Christianity by Prince Vladimir, this country also became Christian. In 1054, following the mutual excommunication of the Pope of Rome and the Patriarch of Byzantium, the Orthodox religion was established by the Patriarch of Byzantium, and many countries, including Ukraine, became Orthodox, and for this reason, most of the people of Ukraine belong to the Orthodox Church, and a minority belong to the Catholic Church, who mostly live in the western regions. They are Ukrainian. In addition to the Orthodox and Catholics, there are also followers of the Protestant religion and some other Christian sects in Ukraine. Jews also have different synagogues (2 synagogues in Kyiv) where they perform their religious ceremonies. About 96.2% of Ukraine’s population is Christian, followed by Islam with 0.7%, Judaism with 0.6%, and other religions with 2.5%. make up the percentage of the population of this country. The language of the Ukrainian people belongs to the East Slavic language group and is very similar to the Russian language. In other words, the words used in the Ukrainian language are mostly taken from the Polish language, but its grammar is similar to the Russian language. The Russian language is the most popular after the Ukrainian language in the history of Ukraine. The alphabet of the Ukrainian language is the same as the Cyrillic alphabet of the Russian language, and the difference between the two is small.
In this regard, Europeans have sought to create unity and integration more than other nations. However, the bipolar atmosphere of the Cold War did not give the European Union the opportunity to act in its surrounding areas, but after the end of this war and the collapse of the bipolar system, the European Union found more opportunities to act in the regional and international arena, and the regions and countries that left The Eastern Bloc also presented new opportunities, threats and challenges to this union. These challenges have emerged in the form of the desire of new countries to join the European Union and the effects and consequences of new developments in the northern, eastern and southern regions of the Union. Russia and the European Union have always been prominent as two important and influential players in the Eurasian region and on a more general scale, at the world level. Considering this, examining the relations of the parties is of particular importance.
Russia and the European Union have many links in the field of scientific achievements, geographical borders and rich cultural heritage. With the fall of communism and the expansion of the issue of globalization, the truth of the existence of dependence between these two poles has become more obvious. Russia and Europe are inevitable partners for each other. The factor of geography has been more effective than any other factor in the formation of this situation.
Considering the changing nature of international relations and its actors and the occurrence of many changes and developments in various fields as well as the scope and extent of these developments, we have simultaneously witnessed the expansion of cooperation and the increase of competition between actors in the international and regional arenas and this It has caused the actors to turn to new ways to secure their interests. The relations between Russia and the European Union are also considered in the same framework. These relationships are accompanied by changes along the way and are moving towards increasing complexity. In this book, after examining the historical background of the relations between Russia and the European Union, the role and influence of Ukraine on these relations is analyzed.
Ukraine is a strategic and important country for the Russian Federation. This importance is so important that Brzezinski said: Russia will not become an empire without Ukraine, but it will automatically become an empire by absorbing and including Ukraine. In the 1990s, Russian politicians have always acknowledged the importance of Ukraine in their statements, and some of them have spoken of their country’s desire to return Ukraine to Russia. They even warned Western diplomats that Western countries would bother to establish an embassy. Don’t give them Kiev because within 18 months due to the annexation of Ukraine to Russia, these embassies will be converted into consular units. On the other hand, the view of the West and the European Union on Ukraine has added to the complexity of the situation. As a result, after Ukraine’s independence in 1991, Kyiv’s foreign policy has always fluctuated between the West and the Russian Federation, and maintaining balance in relations with the parties has been one of the most important issues facing this country’s foreign policy. Due to historical ties, Russia has had significant influence in its former republics, especially Ukraine. But on the other hand, as an independent country, this country needs to establish a logical relationship with the West. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the gaining of independence, Ukraine has faced special conditions, which has brought it to the attention of the West and the Russian Federation as a geopolitical axis in the modern global geography after the Cold War.
In this book, in the first chapter, the theoretical foundations of research (new realist theory) are discussed. In this chapter, the emergence of neo-realism, the division of neo-realism, the similarities and differences between defensive and offensive realists, the assumptions of the theory of offensive and defensive neo-realism, as well as the suitability of the theoretical framework with the subject of the research are examined. The second chapter examines and studies the importance of Ukraine’s geopolitics in Eastern Europe. In this chapter, an attempt has been made to firstly address the importance of political geography in the form of an introduction, and in the context of it, the topic of geopolitics, and also in the following parts to provide a definition of Geopolitics as well as geopolitical theories, European geopolitics and Ukrainian geopolitics, and finally the geopolitical situation of Ukraine from the perspective of the powers. The third chapter examines the special position of Ukraine in relations with the Russian Federation in the form of an introduction to the reasons for Russia’s presence in this country, as well as cultural-historical factors, geopolitical factors, as well as economic and political factors influencing Russia’s foreign policy towards Ukraine. After that, the history of Ukraine before the Soviet Union, during the Soviet Union, and after the Soviet Union is discussed. The fourth chapter is devoted to the relations of independent Ukraine with the European Union. In terms of the historical and contemporary importance of Ukraine in Eastern Europe, the European Union’s view of an independent Ukraine, and Ukraine’s desire for the West and membership in the European Union and NATO, the priorities of cooperation between the European Union and Ukraine, and the European Union’s neighborhood policy in the form of the European Union’s Eastern Partnership Plan. Europe became entangled with Ukraine, the fifth chapter studies Ukraine in the competition between Russia and the European Union, which includes issues such as Ukraine in the dilemma of Westernism or Russianism, some background of differences and differences between Ukraine and Russia, Ukraine’s tendency to To the west, the causes and contexts of the Ukraine crisis (2014) and the historical review of the relations between Russia and the European Union and the ups and downs that existed in the relations between the parties are discussed. And at the end we will have a conclusion and offer solutions.
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